Categories - Biosphere
Sub Categories
- Biodiversity Data Access and Management - 29 projects
- Forest Remote Sensing - 31 projects
- Wildfire - 21 projects
- Ecological and Environmental Modeling - 11 projects
- Biomass - 10 projects
- Biodiversity Citizen Science - 10 projects
- Forest Modeling and Analysis - 16 projects
- Biodiversity Data Cleaning and Standardization - 8 projects
- Deforestation and Reforestation - 16 projects
- Bioacoustics and Acoustic Data Analysis - 14 projects
- Forest Observation and Management - 21 projects
- Species Distribution Modeling - 19 projects
- Terrestrial Wildlife - 18 projects
- Marine Life and Fishery - 63 projects
- Avian Monitoring and Analysis - 15 projects
- Conservation and Restoration - 19 projects
- Biodiversity Analysis and Metrics - 20 projects
- Plants and Vegetation - 24 projects
Topics
bioacoustics, fisheries, fish, species, biodiversity-informatics, wildlife, marine-biology, wildfire, deforestation, birds, gbif, biodiversity-data, species-distribution-modelling, traits, protected-areas, ebird, forests, forest, birdsong, stock-synthesis, fisheries-stock-assessment, reforestation, population-dynamics, stock-assessment, deforestation-risk, fisheries-management, forest-inventory, biogeography, niche-modelling, acoustic-monitoring, bioinformatics, dendrochronology, spocc, darwin-core, inaturalist, phenology, nomenclature, las, wildfire-forecasting, camera-traps, taxize, movement-ecology, animal-movement, assessment, globalfishingwatch, land-use-change, redd, phylogeny, roads, insects, nature, dendroecology, spatial-autocorrelation, protected-planet, spatial-modelling, ecology-modelling, tropical-forests, niche-modeling, ipbes, phenocam, world, flnro, forest-cover-change, biodiversity-scenario, species-distribution-modeling, birdnet, plankton, species-sensitivity-distribution, dwc, biodiversity-standards, noaa-nsap, clip, animal, salmon, vegetation-period, life, megadetector, evolution, dynamic, demography, trees, obis, landscape-connectivity, species-interactions, ecological-niche-modelling, forest-management, biodiversity-monitoring, bird-migration, animals, marine-species, laser-scanning, forest-monitoring, vegetation-dynamics, tree-rings, vertnet, phylogenetic-diversity, stream-network, yolov5, national-phenology-network, fish-observations, fiss, shiny-r, parasites, globi, pollinators, food-webs, biohub, etl-framework, eol, keycloak, diseases, diet, gfw, esri-js, sonar, ek80, ek60, echosounder, azfp, openfisheries, material-ui, land-surface-phenology, object-store, jags, fish-stocks, fao-manual, prioritization, conservation-planner, strandings, marine-wildlife-incidents, marine-turtles, conservation-bio, spatial-graphs, habitat-connectivity, terrestrial-ecosystem-modeling, soil-thermal-dynamics, permafrost-dynamics, fire-dynamics, carbon-cycling, boreal, trillion-trees, mediterranean, sound-pressure-level, signal-processing, ecoacoustics, acoustic-indices, geospatial-processing, windspeed, tracker, pressure-sensor, migration, geolocator, datalogger, estimator, entropy-partitioning, diversity, classifier-model, cameratraps, annotation-tool, tmb, glmm, detectron2, ais-data, ais, mapme, metapackage, habitat, forestgeo, fgeo, dynamics, abundance, tdwg, data-analysis-r, ionic-framework, invasives, sst, aims, active-learning, earthenv, chelsa, bioclim, tomcat, niche-overlap, gui-application, outbreak, disturbance, defoliators, budworm, prz, cons-tech, marine-traffics, marine-resources, impact-assessment, bio-economics, aquaculture, epidemiology, ecosystem-simulation, rarefaction, wildfires, satellites, journalism, firms, data-journalism, lter-science, shad, management-strategy-evaluation, individual-based, herring, fish-passage, dam, zero-shot-classification, rare-species, multimodal, public-health, offline-first, mobile-data-collection, household-surveys, field-survey, greenness-exposure, partitioning-diversity, diversity-measurement, portal, ecological-niche-modeling, cumulative-impacts, verified-carbon-standard, jurisdictional-and-nested-redd, forest-conservation, video-search, video-annotation, video-analytics, video-analysis, image-annotation, annotation-framework, fishbase, forest-loss, compliance-check, openplantpathology, onnx, keypoint-detection, sound, cbm-cfs3, tidymodels, transitions, shifts, points, indicators, critical, catastrophic, field-data-collection, half-earth, arcgisjs, streamline-analysis, spectrogram, animal-acoustic-signals, pytorch-wildlife, xmp, iptc, hierarchical-keywords, exif, geonature-citizen, geonature, wfd, sampling, freshwater, electrofishing, aspe, fire, municipality, datazoom, amazonia, fishr-website, ala-product-digivol, tree-pixels, tree-detection, tree-canopy, wlrs, sims, react-leaflet, openshift, laz, als, watering, citylab-berlin, transport-equation, size-structure, marine-ecosystem, fish-population-dynamics, plantcv, plant-phenotyping, species-identification, fire-effects, biomass, cffdrs, bcws, water-quality-guideline, ssd, jerico-relevant, biological-data, conservation-prioritization, whales, realtime, orcas, inference, audio-analysis, wsr-88d, nexrad, eumetnet-opera, enram, aeroecology, country-iso-code, plugins, interactive-visualization, desktop-application, species-turnover, randomisations, phylogeography, phylogenetic-trees, phylodiversity, endemism, biodiverse, beta-diversity, noaa-fisheries, groundfish, alaska, bats, ala-product-ala4r, ala, SimRoot, Root architecture, Plant biology, Nutrient uptake, Functional Structural Plant model, vegetation-phenology, phenology-models, model-calibration, species-observed, sampling-effort, help-wanted, enmeval, knowledge-guided-machine-learning, imageomics, plant-physiology, vocalizations, torchvision, speech-processing, spectrograms, bioacoustic-analysis, animal-vocalizations, animal-communication, natural-hazard, maxent, public-science, mantis-religiosa, mantis, gottesanbeterin, brandenburg, global-fishing-watch, fishing-effort, fisheries-research, camtrap-dp, tropical-forest, hyperspectral-imaging, diversity-mapping, tree-mapping, wdpa, benthic, species-occurrence, occurrence, idigbio, ecoengine, bison, antweb, usda-nrcs, ssurgo, soil-quality-degradation, resource-assessment, ranking-tool, ranking, land-unit, intrinsic-soil-properties, conservation-practices, conservation-assessment-ranking, cart, crowns, octave, digital-forestry-toolbox, asprs, spatiotemporal-dynamics, spatio-temporal-analysis, ornithology, movement, bird-survey, adaptive-spatio-temporal-exploratory-model, reported-species, data-gaps, avian, phenology-modelling, phenocam-data, specimen, hut23-240, plant-trees, plant-genetic-resources, phenotypes, pedigree, germinate, genotypes, genetics, chemical-compounds, spatial-predictions, spatial-grain, scenarios, poisson-process, integrated-framework, continuous-integration, carbon-capture-sequestration, rbp, periphyton, metric, macorinvertebrates, biomonitoring, bioassessment, first-issue, contributions-welcome, birdweather, birdnet-pi, audio, alpinejs, forest-disturbances, anomalies-detection, mechanistic-models, restoration, hmm, hidden-markov-model, resolution, reconciliation, pharo, multi-agent-systems, multi-agent-simulation, indivisual-based-modeling, bdc, trait-based, functional-traits, functional-trait, functional-ecology, functional-diversity, biodiversity-indicators, trade, endangered-species, iucn-red-list, iucn, invasive-species, describe, collections, prefect, openlayers, fishing-vessels, fishing, picture, spades, landscape-ecosystem-modelling, raspberry-pi-camera, raspberry-pi-4, planktoscope, microscopy, microscope-platform, microscope, imaging, citizen, spatially-structured-validation, spatial-ecology, model-tuning, model-fit-for-purpose, ensemble-modelling, sapwood, raspberrypi, htmx, solidity, smart-contracts, ipfs, greenpill, foundry, attestations, forest-analysis, caribou, p-model, growth, dgvm, r-packages, dam-impact-analysis, canopy-height-models, forest-planning, fmt, range-maps, botanical, bien, shinyapps, ecosystem-status-report, birding, environmental-modeling, biologging, animal-tracking, marine-protected-areas, tunning, maxent-models, cites, color-palette, scattering, behavior, acoustic-signals, national-science-foundation, meta-analysis, ecosystem-science, cyberinfrastructure, zoology, cnpq, lidar-point-cloud, flr, fisheries-modelling, space-time, inventories, forest-variables, fia-datamart, fia-database, fia, compute-estimates, rarity, ecological-models, surveillance, networks, forestfire, rcpp, qsm,
Projects
Contributors
Kotaro Yama [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Zizka [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity Data Cleaning and Standardization, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics:
biodiversity, democracy, gbif
Russell Dinnage [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
Russell Dinnage [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
glmm, inla, phylogeny, rpackage, species-distribution-modeling
Rémi Patin [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
rpatin [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
Damien Georges [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
HÉLÈNE BLANCHETEAU [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
Dan Warren [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
distribution, species
rdinnager [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
glmm, inla, phylogeny, rpackage, species-distribution-modeling
MayaGueguen [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
distribution, species
HeleneBlt [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
Unknown [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
rpatin [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
fbreiner [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Species Distribution Modeling
Topics:
Vince Buffalo [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity Data Cleaning and Standardization, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics:
unconf, unconf16, berkeley-ecoinformatics-engine, ecoengine, spocc
Dominic Henry [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Avian Monitoring and Analysis, Terrestrial Animals
Topics:
ecological-niche-modelling, species-distribution-modelling
Alan Lee [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Avian Monitoring and Analysis, Terrestrial Animals
Topics:
Res [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Avian Monitoring and Analysis, Terrestrial Animals
Topics:
Dan Wang dwng@dlebauer-desktop.(none)
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
djaiswal djaiswal@ubuntu.(none)
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Dan Wang [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Justin McGrath [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Alyssa Ferris [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
wd wd@wd-VirtualBox.(none)
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Deepak Jaiswal [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Justin McGrath [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Justin McGrath [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Ryan Grady [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
samvancart [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics:
acferris [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Venkatraman Srinivasan [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
alexandriatran [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics:
Pika8tona [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity Data Access and Management, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics:
biodiversity, specimen, spocc, vertnet
krishna keshav [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Conservation and Restoration
Topics:
agriculture, crop, geographical-information-system, geography, network-analysis, networks, surveillance
George Silva [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Elsie L [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Sachi Yuan [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Hana Lee [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Jon Riecke [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Wendy Nie [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Tammy Woodard [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration, Deforestation and Reforestation
Topics:
deforestation, geospatial-processing
Pablo Lopez [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
lastminutediorama [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Jon Riecke [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
elsiel23 [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Sachi Yuan [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Mac [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Pablo Lopez [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
cynthia huang [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Sterling Wells [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
janicejl [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Jessica Lee [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Maciek Smuga-Otto [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Xinya Yang [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Ankit Pandey [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Andrew Wang [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Jordan Combs [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
dschmidt-sig [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:
Adam M. Wilson [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:
Ivan Gabriele [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
d-bus, dbus, desktop, large-language-models, nvidia, remote-desktop, ubuntu, ubuntu-desktop, vnc, vnc-server and 6 more
Loup Theron [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Loup Theron [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Ivan Gabriele [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Vincent [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
audrey bramy [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Thomas Brosset [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
AudreyBramy [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Loup Théron [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
louptheron [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Uriell Colas [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
marlenerts [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Dmitry Dygalo [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
fabienf [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
control, fishing, fishing-vessels, openlayers, prefect
Tai [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
andrew-edwards [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries
Travis Tai [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
Willeke A'Campo (linux vdi) [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biomass
Topics:
CmlMagneville [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity Analysis and Metrics, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics:
Max Freudenberg [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Observation and Management, Forest Remote Sensing
Topics:
kaldari [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity Citizen Science, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics:
Yukio Takeuchi [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis
Sean Anderson [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
fhurtado [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
kellijohnson [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
Kotkot [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
murad17 [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
cstawitz [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis, fisheries-stock-assessment, hugo, openscience
mrudd [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
peterkuriyama [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
Robert Wildermuth [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
careymcg [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, stock-synthesis
Jason Cope [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis
awhitten [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis
Maia Sosa Kapur [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis
Cole-Monnahan-NOAA [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis
Lee Qi [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis
Gavin Fay [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:
fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis
Silva [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Observation and Management, Forest Remote Sensing
Topics:
Alexandre Génin [email protected]
OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:
catastrophic, critical, ecology, indicators, points, shifts, transitions