Categories - Biosphere

Sub Categories

Topics

bioacoustics, fisheries, fish, species, biodiversity-informatics, wildlife, gbif, biodiversity-data, wildfire, birds, marine-biology, deforestation, traits, species-distribution-modelling, protected-areas, ebird, forests, biogeography, stock-synthesis, fisheries-stock-assessment, deforestation-risk, reforestation, birdsong, fisheries-management, population-dynamics, stock-assessment, forest-inventory, forest, wildfire-forecasting, acoustic-monitoring, movement-ecology, niche-modelling, dendrochronology, animal-movement, camera-traps, las, assessment, nomenclature, spocc, inaturalist, phenology, bioinformatics, darwin-core, taxize, ecological-niche-modelling, dwc, ecology-modelling, forest-monitoring, phenocam, vertnet, animal, biodiversity-standards, evolution, dynamic, demography, tree-rings, flnro, world, species-distribution-modeling, insects, protected-planet, globalfishingwatch, nature, plankton, phylogenetic-diversity, clip, noaa-nsap, forest-management, bird-migration, phylogeny, salmon, dendroecology, tropical-forests, spatial-modelling, spatial-autocorrelation, roads, redd, land-use-change, ipbes, forest-cover-change, biodiversity-scenario, life, vegetation-period, trees, vegetation-dynamics, species-sensitivity-distribution, megadetector, biodiversity-monitoring, laser-scanning, animals, landscape-connectivity, marine-species, obis, niche-modeling, species-interactions, birdnet, cyberinfrastructure, national-science-foundation, lter-science, alpinejs, half-earth, fish-passage, dam, audio, spades, tomcat, birdnet-pi, ais-data, ais, ensemble-modelling, landscape-ecosystem-modelling, public-health, ecosystem-science, meta-analysis, management-strategy-evaluation, shad, offline-first, pytorch-wildlife, aims, mobile-data-collection, sst, household-surveys, field-survey, individual-based, herring, field-data-collection, arcgisjs, electrofishing, aspe, geonature-citizen, geonature, jerico-relevant, biological-data, conservation-prioritization, ala-product-digivol, pollinators, parasites, globi, food-webs, etl-framework, eol, diseases, diet, tree-pixels, tree-detection, tree-canopy, tmb, glmm, mapme, land-surface-phenology, jags, national-phenology-network, stream-network, fiss, fish-observations, yolov5, classifier-model, cameratraps, annotation-tool, ecosystem-status-report, openfisheries, niche-overlap, gui-application, data-analysis-r, zero-shot-classification, rare-species, multimodal, plantcv, plant-phenotyping, water-quality-guideline, ssd, laz, als, fire, municipality, datazoom, amazonia, fire-effects, biomass, cffdrs, bcws, streamline-analysis, spectrogram, animal-acoustic-signals, xmp, iptc, hierarchical-keywords, exif, wfd, sampling, freshwater, biologging, animal-tracking, earthenv, chelsa, bioclim, trillion-trees, wsr-88d, nexrad, eumetnet-opera, enram, aeroecology, whales, realtime, orcas, inference, audio-analysis, sonar, ek80, ek60, echosounder, azfp, wlrs, sims, react-leaflet, openshift, object-store, material-ui, keycloak, forest-loss, spatiotemporal-dynamics, spatio-temporal-analysis, ornithology, movement, bird-survey, adaptive-spatio-temporal-exploratory-model, detectron2, sound-pressure-level, signal-processing, ecoacoustics, acoustic-indices, watering, citylab-berlin, knowledge-guided-machine-learning, imageomics, mechanistic-models, restoration, ionic-framework, invasives, describe, collections, transport-equation, size-structure, marine-ecosystem, fish-population-dynamics, species-identification, spatially-structured-validation, spatial-ecology, model-tuning, model-fit-for-purpose, compliance-check, openplantpathology, onnx, keypoint-detection, sound, cbm-cfs3, transitions, shifts, points, indicators, critical, catastrophic, tidymodels, marine-traffics, marine-resources, impact-assessment, bio-economics, aquaculture, prz, cons-tech, epidemiology, ecosystem-simulation, rarefaction, raspberrypi, htmx, help-wanted, first-issue, contributions-welcome, birdweather, biohub, gfw, esri-js, fishr-website, strandings, marine-wildlife-incidents, marine-turtles, conservation-bio, wildfires, satellites, journalism, firms, data-journalism, shiny-r, greenness-exposure, partitioning-diversity, diversity-measurement, portal, ecological-niche-modeling, cumulative-impacts, verified-carbon-standard, jurisdictional-and-nested-redd, forest-conservation, fishbase, video-search, video-annotation, video-analytics, video-analysis, image-annotation, annotation-framework, camtrap-dp, tropical-forest, hyperspectral-imaging, diversity-mapping, tree-mapping, wdpa, country-iso-code, plugins, interactive-visualization, desktop-application, species-turnover, randomisations, phylogeography, phylogenetic-trees, phylodiversity, endemism, biodiverse, beta-diversity, noaa-fisheries, groundfish, alaska, bats, ala-product-ala4r, ala, SimRoot, Root architecture, Plant biology, Nutrient uptake, tracker, fmt, canopy-height-models, shinyapps, birding, environmental-modeling, marine-protected-areas, tunning, maxent-models, enmeval, vocalizations, torchvision, speech-processing, spectrograms, bioacoustic-analysis, animal-vocalizations, animal-communication, natural-hazard, plant-physiology, maxent, global-fishing-watch, fishing-effort, fisheries-research, public-science, mantis-religiosa, mantis, gottesanbeterin, brandenburg, phenotypes, pedigree, germinate, genotypes, genetics, chemical-compounds, rbp, periphyton, metric, macorinvertebrates, biomonitoring, bioassessment, benthic, crowns, usda-nrcs, ssurgo, soil-quality-degradation, resource-assessment, ranking-tool, ranking, land-unit, intrinsic-soil-properties, conservation-practices, conservation-assessment-ranking, cart, octave, digital-forestry-toolbox, asprs, Functional Structural Plant model, vegetation-phenology, phenology-models, model-calibration, species-observed, sampling-effort, reported-species, data-gaps, avian, phenology-modelling, phenocam-data, specimen, hut23-240, species-occurrence, occurrence, idigbio, ecoengine, bison, antweb, spatial-predictions, spatial-grain, scenarios, poisson-process, integrated-framework, continuous-integration, carbon-capture-sequestration, plant-trees, plant-genetic-resources, pressure-sensor, migration, geolocator, datalogger, estimator, entropy-partitioning, diversity, invasive-species, geospatial-processing, prefect, openlayers, fishing-vessels, fishing, picture, raspberry-pi-camera, raspberry-pi-4, planktoscope, microscopy, microscope-platform, microscope, imaging, citizen, sapwood, forest-disturbances, anomalies-detection, hmm, hidden-markov-model, metapackage, habitat, forestgeo, fgeo, dynamics, abundance, tdwg, active-learning, fish-stocks, fao-manual, prioritization, conservation-planner, outbreak, disturbance, defoliators, budworm, terrestrial-ecosystem-modeling, soil-thermal-dynamics, permafrost-dynamics, fire-dynamics, carbon-cycling, boreal, spatial-graphs, habitat-connectivity, mediterranean, iucn-red-list, iucn, windspeed, networks, space-time, inventories, forest-variables, fia-datamart, fia-database, fia, compute-estimates, forestfire, rcpp, qsm, forest-analysis, caribou, solidity, smart-contracts, ipfs, greenpill, foundry, attestations, p-model, growth, dgvm, r-packages, dam-impact-analysis, range-maps, botanical, bien, forest-planning, pharo, multi-agent-systems, multi-agent-simulation, indivisual-based-modeling, resolution, reconciliation, bdc, trait-based, functional-traits, functional-trait, functional-ecology, functional-diversity, biodiversity-indicators, behavior, acoustic-signals, trade, endangered-species, cites, color-palette, scattering, flr, fisheries-modelling, zoology, cnpq, lidar-point-cloud, rarity, ecological-models, surveillance,

Projects

Contributors

jforthofer [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

RuiZhang [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

john [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Nathan Grey [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

SandiaDeDia [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Stu [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

OfirGan [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Humberto Diaz Fidalgo [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Nicholas Kim [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

jeffreycunn [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

santiagoMonedero [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

stubrittain [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Bryce Nordgren [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

James Watmuff [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Terrestrial Wildlife
Topics:

James Watmuff [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Terrestrial Wildlife
Topics:

Ubuntu [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Terrestrial Wildlife
Topics:

Ubuntu [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Terrestrial Wildlife
Topics:

hoangnguyen177 [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Terrestrial Wildlife
Topics:

Luke Poeppel [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Bioacoustics and Acoustic Data Analysis, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics: animal-communication, animal-vocalizations, bioacoustic-analysis, bioacoustics, birdsong, spectrograms, speech-processing, torchvision, vocalizations, research

yardencsGitHub [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Bioacoustics and Acoustic Data Analysis, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics: animal-communication, animal-vocalizations, bioacoustic-analysis, bioacoustics, birdsong, spectrograms, speech-processing, torchvision, vocalizations

Ja-sonYun [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Bioacoustics and Acoustic Data Analysis, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics: animal-communication, animal-vocalizations, bioacoustic-analysis, bioacoustics, birdsong, spectrograms, speech-processing, torchvision, vocalizations

Steve Bennett [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Observation and Management
Topics: climate-change, trees, routing, csv, open-datasets, open-knowledge-international, algorithm, computational-geometry, geojson, turf and 29 more

Steve Bennett [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Observation and Management
Topics: algorithm, computational-geometry, geojson, turf, 3d-globe, catalog, cesium, cesiumjs, charts, czml and 17 more

Dominic Henry [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Avian Monitoring and Analysis, Terrestrial Animals
Topics: ecological-niche-modelling, species-distribution-modelling

Alan Lee [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Avian Monitoring and Analysis, Terrestrial Animals
Topics:

Res [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Avian Monitoring and Analysis, Terrestrial Animals
Topics:

Yutaro Sakairi [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics: biophysics, bookdown, ecology-modelling, educational-resources, biology, insect, phenology, thermal-ecology, trench-project, uw-biology

Andy Bunn [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics:

L Buckley [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics: biophysics, bookdown, ecology-modelling, educational-resources, climate-change, ecology, functional-ecology, regression-models

Aji John [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics: goes, esip-lab, pangeo

Lauren Buckley [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics: biophysics, bookdown, ecology-modelling, educational-resources, infrared, ir, thermal-ecology, thermal-imaging, trenchproject

Lauren Buckley [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

Nicole Kearney [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Lauren Buckley [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

Abby Meyer [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics: infrared, ir, thermal-ecology, thermal-imaging, trenchproject

Bryan Briones Ortiz [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

Ofir Levy [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

mrke [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

Trollock [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

Ilya Maclean [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity and Species Distribution, Ecological and Environmental Modeling
Topics:

AndyBunn [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics:

Gregory Paradis [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biomass, Forest Observation and Management
Topics: cbm-cfs3, arcgis, geodatabase, raster-data

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Laura Marqués [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Laura Marques [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics, acclimation, optimality-theory, photosynthesis

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Benjamin Stocker [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Mikko Korpela [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics: ropensci, summary-statistics, unconf, unconf17, visualisation, icu, icu4c, regexp, string-manipulation, stringi and 9 more

Christian Zang [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics: climate, cru, e-obs, statistical-downscaling, worldclim

Darwin Pucha-Cofrep [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics:

Laura Marques [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

yunpeng [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Plants and Vegetation
Topics: dgvm, growth, p-model, vegetation-dynamics

Filipe Campelo [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics:

sklesse [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics:

David L. Woodruff [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics: mathematical-programming, modeling-language, nonlinear-programming

filippi_j [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Jean-Baptiste FILIPPI filippi_j@BRANDO-FRONT.(none)

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

damien damien@damien-VM.(none)

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

rbaggio [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Yiren Qin [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics: wildfire

ronan [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Frederic Allaire [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

jdurand [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Damien Grandi [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

lautenberger [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics: wildfire

yqin123 [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics: wildfire

Maria Theodori [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics: wildfire

Oliver-BE [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics: wildfire

ulises [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Cpaismz [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Kumar Vaibhav [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Jiamu Liu [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

Julien-Gr4z [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Terrestrial Animals, Terrestrial Wildlife
Topics: biodiversity, camera, camera-traps, picture, traps, wildlife

Mathilde Leclerc [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Terrestrial Animals, Terrestrial Wildlife
Topics: biodiversity, camera, camera-traps, picture, traps, wildlife

Jaime Luna [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Wildfire
Topics:

hanecakr [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics: dendrochronology, sapwood, tree-rings

Koen Van Daele [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Modeling and Analysis, Forest Observation and Management
Topics: dendrochronology, sapwood, tree-rings, lib, skos, thesaurus, vocabulary

insaite [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:

Eric Gitonga [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:

Yun-Wu [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:

Jake Wall [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:

kulits [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:

blac-siren [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:

mdevz-22 [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Conservation and Restoration
Topics:

Tai [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:

andrew-edwards [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics: fisheries

Travis Tai [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics:

Willeke A'Campo (linux vdi) [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biomass
Topics:

CmlMagneville [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity Analysis and Metrics, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics:

Max Freudenberg [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Forest Observation and Management, Forest Remote Sensing
Topics:

kaldari [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Biodiversity Citizen Science, Biodiversity and Species Distribution
Topics:

Yukio Takeuchi [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics: fisheries, fisheries-stock-assessment, stock-synthesis

Sean Anderson [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics: fisheries, stock-synthesis

fhurtado [email protected]

OST Projects: 1
Categories: Biosphere
Sub Categories: Marine Life and Fishery
Topics: fisheries, stock-synthesis