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    alt=\"Python 3.7+\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.python.org/downloads/\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/python-3.7+-blue.svg?logo=python\u0026logoColor=white\"\n     alt=\"Python 3.7+\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/psf/black\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg\"\n     alt=\"black\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/execlim/Isca/actions?query=workflow%3Atests\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/execlim/Isca/workflows/tests/badge.svg\"\n     alt=\"Tests\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://execlim.github.io/Isca\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-latest-green?logo=github\"\n     alt=\"Documentation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"LICENSE\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/license-GPL%20v3-blue.svg?logo=gnu\"\n     alt=\"License: GPL v3\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/IscaModel\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/twitter/follow/IscaModel?color=yellow\u0026label=twitter%7CIscaModel\u0026logo=twitter\u0026style=flat\"\n     alt=\"twitter IscaModel\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\nIsca is a framework for the idealized modelling of the global circulation of\nplanetary atmospheres at varying levels of complexity and realism. The\nframework is an outgrowth of models from GFDL designed for Earth's atmosphere,\nbut it may readily be extended into other planetary regimes. Various forcing\nand radiation options are available. At the simple end of the spectrum a\nHeld-Suarez case is available. An idealized grey radiation scheme, a grey\nscheme with moisture feedback, a two-band scheme and a multi-band scheme are\nalso available, all with simple moist effects and astronomically-based solar\nforcing. At the complex end of the spectrum the framework provides a direct\nconnection to comprehensive atmospheric general circulation models.\n\nFor Earth modelling, options include an aqua-planet and configurable (idealized\nor realistic) continents with idealized or realistic topography. Continents may\nbe defined by changing albedo, heat capacity and evaporative parameters, and/or\nby using a simple bucket hydrology model. Oceanic Q-fluxes may be added to\nreproduce specified sea-surface temperatures, with any continents or on an\naquaplanet. Planetary atmospheres may be configured by changing planetary size,\nsolar forcing, atmospheric mass, radiative, and other parameters.\n\nThe underlying model is written in Fortran and may largely be configured with\nPython scripts, with internal coding changes required for non-standard cases.\nPython scripts are also used to run the model on different architectures, to\narchive the output, and for diagnostics, graphics, and post-processing. All of\nthese features are publicly available on a Git-based repository.\n\n## Getting Started\n\nA python module `isca` (note lowercase) is provided alongside the Fortran source code that should help to do a lot of the heavy-lifting of compiling, configuring and running the model for you.  Isca can be compiled, run and configured without using python, but using the python wrapper is recommended.\n\n### Installing the `isca` python module\n\nThe python module is found in the `src` directory and can be installed using `pip`.  It's recommended that you use some sort of python environment manager to do this, such as using a conda distribution and creating an environment (in the code below called \"`isca_env`\"), or using `virtualenv` instead. This \"getting started\" will show you how to create a python environment that includes Isca's required packages, and then install the model. \n\n1. **Install [Miniforge](https://github.com/conda-forge/miniforge)**\n\n*Recommended step*: Some workstations may have outdated default python and conda installations, which may cause conflicts during installation. As a lightweight solution to get up-to-date installations, we recommend downloading [Miniforge](https://github.com/conda-forge/miniforge).\nTo ensure this works as expected, check that `$PYTHONPATH` is unset and that your `.bashrc` does not contain `module load` statements that may cause conda conflicts.\n\n*If you have a recent conda version installed in your home directory already you may wish to skip this step.*\n\n2. **Check out or download this repository**\n\nTo begin you'll need a copy of the source code. Either fork the Isca repository to your own github username, or clone directly from the ExeClim group.\n\n```{bash}\n$ git clone https://github.com/ExeClim/Isca\n$ cd Isca\n```\n\n3. **Create a conda environment**\n\nRequirements for Isca can be installed via the .yml files included with the model in `Isca/ci/`. The choice of which yml file depends on your system:\n\nBoth the `environment-py3.12_frozen.yml` and `environment-py.yml` files install everything required to install Isca, including the gfortran compilers and netcdf-fortran. The `environment-py3.12_frozen.yml` file has frozen versions of all the packages that we ourselves have tested, whereas the `environment-py.yml` file will grab the latest versions of all of these libraries etc. \n\nThe `environment-py_no_compilers.yml` version includes only the packages needed by Isca without the gfortran compilers and netcdf-fortran. This is the option to choose if you want to install Isca on a system that already has a fortran compiler, MPI and netcdf-fortran already installed. \n\nOnce you've decided on the yml file to use, you should navigate to the downloaded Isca folder, and create a conda environment `isca_env` containing the required packages using: \n```{bash}\n$ conda env create -f ci/YML_FILE_THAT_YOU_CHOSE.yml\n```\nThen activate the environment; you'll need to do this each time you launch a new bash session.\n```{bash}\n$ conda activate isca_env\n```\nor\n```{bash}\n$ conda activate isca_env_no_comp\n``` \nif you chose the no-compilers yml file.\n\n4. **Install the model**\n\nNow install the `isca` python module in \"development mode\".  This will allow you, if you wish, to edit the `src/extra/python/isca` files and have those changes be used when you next run an Isca script. Navigate to `Isca/src/extra/python/` and run:\n\n```{bash}\n(isca_env)$ pip install -e .\n...\nSuccessfully installed Isca\n```\n\n### Compiling for the first time\n\nBy installing Isca using the `ci/environment-py3.12_frozen.yml` file, you will have installed everything you need to run Isca, including the gfortran compiler, openmpi and netcdf. Whilst this may not be the optimal way of running Isca on your machine, it should work without too much extra effort. \n\nBefore Isca is compiled/run, an environment is first configured which loads the specific compilers and libraries necessary to build the code.  This done by setting the environment variable `GFDL_ENV` in your session. There is an option within Isca to use set `GFDL_ENV=ubuntu_conda`, which is setup to use the gfortran compiler you installed via the environment file.\n\nTo make use of this environment, you should add a version of the following to your `~/.bashrc`:\n\n```{bash}\n# directory of the Isca source code\nexport GFDL_BASE=/scratch/jamesp/Isca \n# \"environment\" configuration for use with ubuntu-conda\nexport GFDL_ENV=ubuntu_conda\n# temporary working directory used in running the model\nexport GFDL_WORK=/scratch/jamesp/isca_work\n# directory for storing model output\nexport GFDL_DATA=/scratch/jamesp/isca_data\n```\n\nThe value of `GFDL_ENV` corresponds to a file in `src/extra/env` that is sourced before each run or compilation.\n\nYou may wish to configure your own way to run Isca using locally available compilers, e.g. the Intel compilers. An example using such a setup is available here - `src/extra/env/emps-gv`.\n\nAt the University of Exeter, Isca is compiled using:\n\n* Intel Compiler Suite 14.0\n* OpenMPI 10.0.1\n* NetCDF 4.3.3.1\n* git 2.1.2\n\nDifferent workstations/servers at different institutions will have different compilers and libraries available.  The Isca framework should run 'out of the box' using the gfortran compilers installed from the environment file. However, if you want to install the model using your own configuration then we are not able to provide support in configuring your environment. We suggest that you contact your friendly local sysops technician for guidance in getting the compilers and libraries collated if you are not sure how to proceed.\n\nIf you work at another large institution and have successfully compiled and run Isca, we welcome you to commit your own environment config to `/src/extra/env/my-new-env` for future scientists to benefit from and avoid the pain of debugging compilation!\n\n## Running the model\n\nOnce you have installed the `isca` python module you will most likely want to try a compilation and run a simple test case.  There are several test cases highlighting features of Isca in the `exp/test_cases` directory.\n\nA good place to start is the famous Held-Suarez dynamical core test case. Take a look at the python file for an idea of how an Isca experiment is constructed and then try to run it.\n```\n(isca_env)$ cd $GFDL_BASE/exp/test_cases/held_suarez\n(isca_env)$ python held_suarez_test_case.py\n```\nThe `held_suarez_test_case.py` experiment script will attempt to compile the source code for the dry dynamical core and then run for several iterations.  \n\nIt is likely that the first time you run the script, compilation will fail.  Debug, adjust your environment file as necessary, and then rerun the python script to try again.\n\nOnce the code has sucessfully compiled, the script will continue on to run the model distributed over some number of cores.  Once it completes, netCDF diagnostic files will be saved to `$GFDL_DATA/held_suarez_test_case/run####`.\n\nOnce you've got an environment file that works for your machine saved in `src/extra/env`, all of the test cases should now compile and run - you're now ready to start running your own experiments!\n\n## Site-specific help\n\nThere are some site-specific guides to running Isca on your local system located in the directory [exp/site_specific/](https://github.com/ExeClim/Isca/tree/master/exp/site_specific).\n\n## Contributing to Isca\n\nIf you have made changes that you think will be useful to others, please feel free to suggest these as a Github pull request.\nThese might include adding site specific configurations that could be useful to future users, basic bug fixes, or addition of new options or modules for modeling your planet of choice. \nAn Isca team member will then review your Pull Request and suggest any changes needed before merging it in. Things to consider:\n- Before submitting a pull request, double check that the branch to be merged contains only changes you wish to add to the master branch. This will save time in reviewing the code.\n- If you add a new feature to the Fortran code, please make it off by default so that other users' results won't change if they update from the master. \n- For any changes to model Fortran files, please run the trip-tests found in [/Isca/exp/test_cases/trip_test/](https://github.com/ExeClim/Isca/tree/master/exp/test_cases/trip_test). These compile and perform brief runs of some standard configurations to help identify any accidental changes to the model your commits may have caused. Isca includes a broad range of options, so try to take into consideration whether the changes you make will affect other configurations while you implement them.\n- For substantial additions of code, for example an entirely new module, please also include a test case in [/Isca/exp/test_cases/](https://github.com/ExeClim/Isca/tree/master/exp/test_cases/). This helps in testing that the option works as expected, and provides support for future users in using the new configuration.\n- Please do not make changes to existing test cases, these are here for trip-testing as well as user guidance.\n- As well as our model work on Isca, we are all Isca users ourselves, so responding to Pull Requests may take time, but we will aim to respond to urgent queries as soon as we can.\n\nFor more information, please read the [contributing guide](https://github.com/execlim/Isca/blob/master/docs/source/contributing.rst).\n\n## License\n\nIsca is distributed under a GNU GPLv3 license. See the [`LICENSE`](LICENSE) file for details. \n\nRRTM/RRTMG: Copyright © 2002-2010, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER, Inc.). \nThis software may be used, copied, or redistributed as long as it is not sold and this \ncopyright notice is reproduced on each copy made. This model is provided as is without \nany express or implied warranties.\n\nSome of the code provided in the `src/atmos_params/socrates/interface` folder were provided by the UK Met Office,\nand are therefore covered by British Crown Copyright. The copyright statement at the top of the \nrelevant code is provided below. For the `copyright.txt` refered to in this statement, please see the\nSocrates source code itself, which is downloadable from the Met Office, and is not packaged with Isca.\n\n```\n! *****************************COPYRIGHT*******************************\n! (C) Crown copyright Met Office. All rights reserved.\n! For further details please refer to the file COPYRIGHT.txt\n! which you should have received as part of this distribution.\n! *****************************COPYRIGHT*******************************\n```\n\nThe `check_disk_space.py` script, which is used as part of the email-alerts functionality\nof the `gfdl` module, was written by Giampaolo Rodola and is released under the MIT license.\n\nThe parts of Isca provided by GFDL are also released under a GNU GPL license. A copy of the \nrelevant GFDL license statement is provided below.\n\n```\n!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!\n!!                                                                   !!\n!!                   GNU General Public License                      !!\n!!                                                                   !!\n!! This file is part of the Flexible Modeling System (FMS).          !!\n!!                                                                   !!\n!! FMS is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it    !!\n!! under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by !!\n!! the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or !!\n!! (at your option) any later version.                               !!\n!!                                                                   !!\n!! FMS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            !!\n!! but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of    !!\n!! MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the      !!\n!! GNU General Public License for more details.                      !!\n!!                                                                   !!\n!! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License !!\n!! along with FMS. if not, see: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.txt  !!\n!!                                                                   !!\n!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!\n```\n","funding_links":[],"readme_doi_urls":["https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-843-2018"],"works":{"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-843-2018":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2765355324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-843-2018","title":"Isca, v1.0: a framework for the global modelling of the atmospheres of Earth and other planets at varying levels of complexity","display_name":"Isca, v1.0: a framework for the global modelling of the atmospheres of Earth and other planets at varying levels of complexity","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2765355324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-843-2018","mag":"2765355324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-843-2018","pdf_url":"https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/11/843/2018/gmd-11-843-2018.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60406085","display_name":"Geoscientific Model Development","issn_l":"1991-959X","issn":["1991-9603","1991-959X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313756","host_organization_name":"Copernicus Publications","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313756"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Copernicus Publications"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/11/843/2018/gmd-11-843-2018.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086846200","display_name":"Geoffrey K. Vallis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5971-8995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey K. Vallis","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088286405","display_name":"Greg Colyer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Greg Colyer","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073146356","display_name":"Ruth Geen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7480-2768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruth Geen","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073886109","display_name":"Edwin P. Gerber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6010-6638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36672615","display_name":"Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/037tm7f56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36672615","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Gerber","raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Courant Institute, New York, USA","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Courant Institute, New York, USA"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056436203","display_name":"Martin Jucker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4227-315X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Jucker","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Melbourne, School of Earth Sciences, Melbourne, Australia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Melbourne, School of Earth Sciences, Melbourne, Australia"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022095945","display_name":"Penelope Maher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8513-8700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Penelope Maher","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047106865","display_name":"Alexander Paterson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Paterson","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090887857","display_name":"M. Pietschnig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marianne Pietschnig","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009670230","display_name":"James Penn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Penn","raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics, Exeter, UK"]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030421887","display_name":"Stephen I. 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