{"id":64129,"name":"PowNet","description":"A least-cost optimization model for simulating the Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch of large-scale (regional to country) power systems.","url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","last_synced_at":"2026-05-13T17:03:41.596Z","repository":{"id":58093739,"uuid":"211224999","full_name":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","owner":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","description":"PowNet: Network-constrained Unit Commitment / Economic Dispatch model in Python","archived":false,"fork":false,"pushed_at":"2026-02-16T18:35:40.000Z","size":37790,"stargazers_count":93,"open_issues_count":0,"forks_count":29,"subscribers_count":12,"default_branch":"master","last_synced_at":"2026-04-17T04:03:25.005Z","etag":null,"topics":["dc-flow","dispatchable-units","economic-dispatch","electricity-supply","n-1-criterion","power-system-analysis","python","renewable-resources","substations","transmission","unit-commitment","water-energy-nexus"],"latest_commit_sha":null,"homepage":"","language":"Python","has_issues":true,"has_wiki":null,"has_pages":null,"mirror_url":null,"source_name":null,"license":"mit","status":null,"scm":"git","pull_requests_enabled":true,"icon_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab.png","metadata":{"files":{"readme":"README.md","changelog":null,"contributing":"docs/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md","funding":null,"license":"LICENSE","code_of_conduct":"docs/.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md","threat_model":null,"audit":null,"citation":null,"codeowners":null,"security":null,"support":null,"governance":null,"roadmap":null,"authors":null,"dei":null,"publiccode":null,"codemeta":null,"zenodo":null,"notice":null,"maintainers":null,"copyright":null,"agents":null,"dco":null,"cla":null}},"created_at":"2019-09-27T03:03:01.000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-11T17:55:21.000Z","dependencies_parsed_at":"2024-05-21T14:01:54.978Z","dependency_job_id":"e8695efe-d3e2-4521-bc6e-307d81a8f26f","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","commit_stats":{"total_commits":558,"total_committers":8,"mean_commits":69.75,"dds":0.5161290322580645,"last_synced_commit":"ebdbc37325c72fa2354ec04fa21bdd9bfec7e831"},"previous_names":["critical-infrastructure-systems-lab/pownet","kamal0013/pownet"],"tags_count":7,"template":false,"template_full_name":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","repository_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet","tags_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags","releases_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/releases","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/manifests","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/refs/heads/master","sbom_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/sbom","scorecard":null,"host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","repositories_count":286080680,"owners_count":31995167,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","version":null,"created_at":"2022-05-30T11:31:42.601Z","updated_at":"2026-04-18T20:23:30.271Z","status":"online","status_checked_at":"2026-04-19T02:00:07.110Z","response_time":55,"last_error":null,"robots_txt_status":"success","robots_txt_updated_at":"2025-07-24T06:49:26.215Z","robots_txt_url":"https://github.com/robots.txt","online":true,"can_crawl_api":true,"host_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories","repository_names_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repository_names","owners_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners"}},"owner":{"login":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","name":"CRITICAL Infrastructure Systems Lab","uuid":"133989297","kind":"organization","description":" Connecting climate | water | energy","email":"stefano_galelli@sutd.edu.sg","website":"https://people.sutd.edu.sg/~stefano_galelli/","location":"Singapore","twitter":"GalelliStefano","company":null,"icon_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/133989297?v=4","repositories_count":1,"last_synced_at":"2023-05-19T09:30:00.079Z","metadata":{"has_sponsors_listing":false},"html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","funding_links":[],"total_stars":null,"followers":null,"following":null,"created_at":"2023-05-19T09:30:00.093Z","updated_at":"2023-05-19T09:30:00.093Z","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/repositories"},"packages":[{"id":11307321,"name":"pownet","ecosystem":"pypi","description":"A simple production cost model of framework for power systems","homepage":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","licenses":"MIT License\r\n        \r\n        \r\n        Copyright (c) 2024 Phumthep Bunnak\r\n        \r\n        Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a\r\n        copy of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to\r\n        deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the\r\n        rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\r\n        sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is \r\n        furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: \r\n        \r\n        The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included\r\n        in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\r\n        \r\n        THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS\r\n        OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF\r\n        MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.\r\n        IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY\r\n        CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,\r\n        TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE\r\n        SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.\r\n        ","normalized_licenses":["Other"],"repository_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","keywords_array":["power_system","optimization","production_cost_model","unit_commitment"],"namespace":null,"versions_count":2,"first_release_published_at":"2025-01-28T21:13:47.000Z","latest_release_published_at":"2025-06-03T01:25:56.000Z","latest_release_number":"2.3.0","last_synced_at":"2026-05-07T14:04:57.072Z","created_at":"2025-01-28T21:16:20.537Z","updated_at":"2026-05-07T14:09:43.925Z","registry_url":"https://pypi.org/project/pownet/","install_command":"pip install pownet --index-url https://pypi.org/simple","documentation_url":"https://pownet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html","metadata":{"funding":null,"documentation":"https://pownet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html","classifiers":[],"normalized_name":"pownet","project_status":null},"repo_metadata":{"id":58093739,"uuid":"211224999","full_name":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","owner":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","description":"PowNet: Network-constrained Unit Commitment / Economic Dispatch model in Python","archived":false,"fork":false,"pushed_at":"2026-02-16T18:35:40.000Z","size":37790,"stargazers_count":93,"open_issues_count":0,"forks_count":29,"subscribers_count":12,"default_branch":"master","last_synced_at":"2026-04-17T04:03:25.005Z","etag":null,"topics":["dc-flow","dispatchable-units","economic-dispatch","electricity-supply","n-1-criterion","power-system-analysis","python","renewable-resources","substations","transmission","unit-commitment","water-energy-nexus"],"latest_commit_sha":null,"homepage":"","language":"Python","has_issues":true,"has_wiki":null,"has_pages":null,"mirror_url":null,"source_name":null,"license":"mit","status":null,"scm":"git","pull_requests_enabled":true,"icon_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab.png","metadata":{"files":{"readme":"README.md","changelog":null,"contributing":"docs/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md","funding":null,"license":"LICENSE","code_of_conduct":"docs/.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md","threat_model":null,"audit":null,"citation":null,"codeowners":null,"security":null,"support":null,"governance":null,"roadmap":null,"authors":null,"dei":null,"publiccode":null,"codemeta":null,"zenodo":null,"notice":null,"maintainers":null,"copyright":null,"agents":null,"dco":null,"cla":null}},"created_at":"2019-09-27T03:03:01.000Z","updated_at":"2026-04-11T17:55:21.000Z","dependencies_parsed_at":"2024-05-21T14:01:54.978Z","dependency_job_id":"e8695efe-d3e2-4521-bc6e-307d81a8f26f","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","commit_stats":{"total_commits":558,"total_committers":8,"mean_commits":69.75,"dds":0.5161290322580645,"last_synced_commit":"ebdbc37325c72fa2354ec04fa21bdd9bfec7e831"},"previous_names":["critical-infrastructure-systems-lab/pownet","kamal0013/pownet"],"tags_count":7,"template":false,"template_full_name":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","repository_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet","tags_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags","releases_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/releases","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/manifests","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/refs/heads/master","sbom_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/sbom","scorecard":null,"host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","repositories_count":286080680,"owners_count":31995167,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","version":null,"created_at":"2022-05-30T11:31:42.601Z","updated_at":"2026-04-18T20:23:30.271Z","status":"online","status_checked_at":"2026-04-19T02:00:07.110Z","response_time":55,"last_error":null,"robots_txt_status":"success","robots_txt_updated_at":"2025-07-24T06:49:26.215Z","robots_txt_url":"https://github.com/robots.txt","online":true,"can_crawl_api":true,"host_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories","repository_names_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repository_names","owners_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners"},"owner_record":{"login":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","name":"CRITICAL Infrastructure Systems Lab","uuid":"133989297","kind":"organization","description":" Connecting climate | water | energy","email":"stefano_galelli@sutd.edu.sg","website":"https://people.sutd.edu.sg/~stefano_galelli/","location":"Singapore","twitter":"GalelliStefano","company":null,"icon_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/133989297?v=4","repositories_count":1,"last_synced_at":"2023-05-19T09:30:00.079Z","metadata":{"has_sponsors_listing":false},"html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","funding_links":[],"total_stars":null,"followers":null,"following":null,"created_at":"2023-05-19T09:30:00.093Z","updated_at":"2023-05-19T09:30:00.093Z","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/repositories"},"tags":[{"name":"v2.3","sha":"f82b8ecf495e65e9f2cb0daffcd1e3621efbf4f6","kind":"commit","published_at":"2025-06-02T20:34:23.000Z","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/v2.3","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v2.3","dependencies_parsed_at":null,"dependency_job_id":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet@v2.3","tag_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.3","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.3/manifests"},{"name":"v2.2","sha":"5cd50b364954c3b933fb70904392ed9ee2637dde","kind":"commit","published_at":"2025-01-25T14:38:14.000Z","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/v2.2","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v2.2","dependencies_parsed_at":null,"dependency_job_id":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet@v2.2","tag_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.2","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.2/manifests"},{"name":"v2.1","sha":"782b50ab5d33401e4ea7047abee46c95e6850b7b","kind":"commit","published_at":"2024-10-25T22:05:17.000Z","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/v2.1","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v2.1","dependencies_parsed_at":null,"dependency_job_id":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet@v2.1","tag_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.1","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.1/manifests"},{"name":"v2.0","sha":"7e2acfc498f825a71a5ddeb3f1ec34f2948bf0c2","kind":"commit","published_at":"2023-05-20T08:33:00.000Z","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/v2.0","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v2.0","dependencies_parsed_at":null,"dependency_job_id":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet@v2.0","tag_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.0","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v2.0/manifests"},{"name":"v1.3","sha":"090f56cd498fdf291c94464c3628534ffbe8bf62","kind":"commit","published_at":"2021-04-14T18:27:56.000Z","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/v1.3","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v1.3","dependencies_parsed_at":null,"dependency_job_id":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet@v1.3","tag_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v1.3","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v1.3/manifests"},{"name":"v1.2","sha":"2d5d757b242dc368818523edf36738766d18fd9b","kind":"commit","published_at":"2020-09-09T05:22:43.000Z","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/v1.2","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v1.2","dependencies_parsed_at":null,"dependency_job_id":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet@v1.2","tag_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v1.2","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v1.2/manifests"},{"name":"v1.1","sha":"9270e73c8e19798b8c4f2b5d69968e081648fc7f","kind":"commit","published_at":"2019-09-27T03:22:55.000Z","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tar.gz/v1.1","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v1.1","dependencies_parsed_at":null,"dependency_job_id":null,"purl":"pkg:github/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet@v1.1","tag_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v1.1","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/tags/v1.1/manifests"}]},"repo_metadata_updated_at":"2026-05-07T14:09:43.925Z","dependent_packages_count":0,"downloads":33,"downloads_period":"last-month","dependent_repos_count":0,"rankings":{"downloads":null,"dependent_repos_count":54.609081916422475,"dependent_packages_count":9.699229175609847,"stargazers_count":null,"forks_count":null,"docker_downloads_count":null,"average":32.15415554601616},"purl":"pkg:pypi/pownet","advisories":[],"docker_usage_url":"https://docker.ecosyste.ms/usage/pypi/pownet","docker_dependents_count":null,"docker_downloads_count":null,"usage_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/usage/pypi/pownet","dependent_repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/usage/pypi/pownet/dependencies","status":null,"funding_links":[],"critical":null,"issue_metadata":{"last_synced_at":"2026-04-15T03:01:43.399Z","issues_count":8,"pull_requests_count":5,"avg_time_to_close_issue":4340678.285714285,"avg_time_to_close_pull_request":38455.0,"issues_closed_count":7,"pull_requests_closed_count":5,"pull_request_authors_count":3,"issue_authors_count":4,"avg_comments_per_issue":1.0,"avg_comments_per_pull_request":0.8,"merged_pull_requests_count":5,"bot_issues_count":0,"bot_pull_requests_count":0,"past_year_issues_count":4,"past_year_pull_requests_count":1,"past_year_avg_time_to_close_issue":1004409.3333333334,"past_year_avg_time_to_close_pull_request":5725.0,"past_year_issues_closed_count":3,"past_year_pull_requests_closed_count":1,"past_year_pull_request_authors_count":1,"past_year_issue_authors_count":2,"past_year_avg_comments_per_issue":1.0,"past_year_avg_comments_per_pull_request":0.0,"past_year_bot_issues_count":0,"past_year_bot_pull_requests_count":0,"past_year_merged_pull_requests_count":1,"issues_url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/issues","maintainers":[{"login":"phumthep","count":3,"url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/authors/phumthep"},{"login":"gthomsen","count":2,"url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/authors/gthomsen"},{"login":"HishamEldardiry","count":2,"url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/authors/HishamEldardiry"}],"active_maintainers":[]},"versions_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/packages/pownet/versions","version_numbers_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/packages/pownet/version_numbers","latest_version_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/packages/pownet/latest_version","dependent_packages_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/packages/pownet/dependent_packages","related_packages_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/packages/pownet/related_packages","codemeta_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/packages/pownet/codemeta","maintainers":[{"uuid":"phumthep","login":"phumthep","name":null,"email":null,"url":null,"packages_count":1,"html_url":"https://pypi.org/user/phumthep/","role":"Owner","created_at":"2025-01-28T21:32:38.580Z","updated_at":"2025-01-28T21:32:38.580Z","packages_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/maintainers/phumthep/packages"}],"registry":{"name":"pypi.org","url":"https://pypi.org","ecosystem":"pypi","default":true,"packages_count":859988,"maintainers_count":367297,"namespaces_count":0,"keywords_count":271316,"github":"pypi","metadata":{"funded_packages_count":53172},"icon_url":"https://github.com/pypi.png","created_at":"2022-04-04T15:19:23.364Z","updated_at":"2026-04-09T05:08:03.587Z","packages_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/packages","maintainers_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/maintainers","namespaces_url":"https://packages.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/registries/pypi.org/namespaces"}}],"commits":{"id":1256833,"full_name":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","default_branch":"master","total_commits":695,"total_committers":9,"total_bot_commits":0,"total_bot_committers":0,"mean_commits":77.22222222222223,"dds":0.1899280575539568,"past_year_total_commits":96,"past_year_total_committers":2,"past_year_total_bot_commits":0,"past_year_total_bot_committers":0,"past_year_mean_commits":48.0,"past_year_dds":0.04166666666666663,"last_synced_at":"2026-05-11T08:40:45.746Z","last_synced_commit":"08fd18d58f214edbbf5219bb2070451ba627921f","created_at":"2023-05-21T04:30:31.617Z","updated_at":"2026-05-11T08:40:34.579Z","committers":[{"name":"Dae","email":"65160408+phumthep","login":"phumthep","count":563},{"name":"AFM Kamal Chowdhury","email":"afm.chowdhury@uon.edu.au","login":"kamal0013","count":65},{"name":"ngjiayi93","email":"ngjiayi93@hotmail.com","login":"ngjiayi93","count":28},{"name":"Hisham Eldardiry","email":"35979167+HishamEldardiry","login":"HishamEldardiry","count":23},{"name":"Stefano Galelli","email":"galelli@cornell.edu","login":"stefano-galelli","count":8},{"name":"Jerry Zhuoer Feng","email":"zf245@cornell.edu","login":"Jerry-Zhuoer-Feng","count":4},{"name":"stefano-galelli","email":"stefano_galelli@sutd.edu.sg","login":null,"count":2},{"name":"Matija Pavičević","email":"matija.pavicevic@gmail.com","login":"MPavicevic","count":1},{"name":"Greg Thomsen","email":"gthomsen@gmail.com","login":"gthomsen","count":1}],"past_year_committers":[{"name":"phumthep","email":"phumthep@gmail.com","login":"phumthep","count":92},{"name":"Jerry Zhuoer Feng","email":"zf245@cornell.edu","login":"Jerry-Zhuoer-Feng","count":4}],"commits_url":"https://commits.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/commits","host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","last_synced_at":"2026-05-13T00:00:10.629Z","repositories_count":6233214,"commits_count":894079707,"contributors_count":34888117,"owners_count":1152192,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","host_url":"https://commits.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://commits.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories"}},"issues_stats":{"full_name":"Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","html_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet","last_synced_at":"2026-05-07T14:09:46.022Z","status":"error","issues_count":8,"pull_requests_count":5,"avg_time_to_close_issue":4340678.285714285,"avg_time_to_close_pull_request":38455.0,"issues_closed_count":7,"pull_requests_closed_count":5,"pull_request_authors_count":3,"issue_authors_count":4,"avg_comments_per_issue":1.0,"avg_comments_per_pull_request":0.8,"merged_pull_requests_count":5,"bot_issues_count":0,"bot_pull_requests_count":0,"past_year_issues_count":4,"past_year_pull_requests_count":1,"past_year_avg_time_to_close_issue":1004409.3333333334,"past_year_avg_time_to_close_pull_request":5725.0,"past_year_issues_closed_count":3,"past_year_pull_requests_closed_count":1,"past_year_pull_request_authors_count":1,"past_year_issue_authors_count":2,"past_year_avg_comments_per_issue":1.0,"past_year_avg_comments_per_pull_request":0.0,"past_year_bot_issues_count":0,"past_year_bot_pull_requests_count":0,"past_year_merged_pull_requests_count":1,"created_at":"2023-05-21T04:30:34.988Z","updated_at":"2026-05-07T14:09:46.023Z","repository_url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet","issues_url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab%2FPowNet/issues","issue_labels_count":{"help wanted":2,"good first issue":2,"enhancement":2,"documentation":1,"refactoring":1,"question":1},"pull_request_labels_count":{},"issue_author_associations_count":{"NONE":5,"COLLABORATOR":3},"pull_request_author_associations_count":{"COLLABORATOR":4,"CONTRIBUTOR":1},"issue_authors":{"phumthep":3,"ijbd":3,"RuiqiL1":1,"AdamRJensen":1},"pull_request_authors":{"gthomsen":2,"HishamEldardiry":2,"Jerry-Zhuoer-Feng":1},"host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","last_synced_at":"2026-05-09T00:00:07.995Z","repositories_count":14545868,"issues_count":34253840,"pull_requests_count":112202569,"authors_count":11258253,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","host_url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories","owners_url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners","authors_url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/authors"},"past_year_issue_labels_count":{},"past_year_pull_request_labels_count":{},"past_year_issue_author_associations_count":{"NONE":1},"past_year_pull_request_author_associations_count":{"CONTRIBUTOR":1},"past_year_issue_authors":{"RuiqiL1":1},"past_year_pull_request_authors":{"Jerry-Zhuoer-Feng":1},"maintainers":[{"login":"phumthep","count":3,"url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/authors/phumthep"},{"login":"gthomsen","count":2,"url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/authors/gthomsen"},{"login":"HishamEldardiry","count":2,"url":"https://issues.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/authors/HishamEldardiry"}],"active_maintainers":[]},"events":{"total":{"ReleaseEvent":3,"DeleteEvent":3,"PullRequestEvent":2,"ForkEvent":2,"IssuesEvent":10,"WatchEvent":21,"IssueCommentEvent":10,"PushEvent":160,"PullRequestReviewCommentEvent":1,"PullRequestReviewEvent":2,"CreateEvent":7},"last_year":{"ReleaseEvent":1,"DeleteEvent":2,"ForkEvent":1,"IssuesEvent":2,"WatchEvent":8,"IssueCommentEvent":6,"PushEvent":61,"PullRequestReviewCommentEvent":1,"PullRequestReviewEvent":1,"CreateEvent":3}},"keywords":["dc-flow","dispatchable-units","economic-dispatch","electricity-supply","n-1-criterion","power-system-analysis","python","renewable-resources","substations","transmission","unit-commitment","water-energy-nexus"],"dependencies":[{"ecosystem":"pypi","filepath":"pyproject.toml","sha":null,"kind":"manifest","created_at":"2024-04-10T18:14:03.370Z","updated_at":"2024-04-10T18:14:03.370Z","repository_link":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/blob/master/pyproject.toml","dependencies":[{"id":17349276759,"package_name":"matplotlib","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 3.7.1","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":17349276760,"package_name":"numpy","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 1.24.3","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":17349276761,"package_name":"pandas","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 1.5.3","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":17349276762,"package_name":"mplcursors","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 0.5.1","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":17349277646,"package_name":"pyomo","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 6.5.0","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":17349280315,"package_name":"gurobipy","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 10.0.3","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":17349282368,"package_name":"networkx","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 3.1.0","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":17349282369,"package_name":"highs","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e= 1.6.0","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false}]},{"ecosystem":"pypi","filepath":"docs/requirements.txt","sha":null,"kind":"manifest","created_at":"2024-05-21T14:01:54.661Z","updated_at":"2024-05-21T14:01:54.661Z","repository_link":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/blob/master/docs/requirements.txt","dependencies":[{"id":18204120952,"package_name":"sphinx","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e=4.3.0","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":18204120953,"package_name":"sphinx-rtd-theme","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e=0.5.1","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false},{"id":18204120954,"package_name":"sphinx-toolbox","ecosystem":"pypi","requirements":"\u003e=v0.8.0","direct":true,"kind":"runtime","optional":false}]}],"score":10.256184595105637,"created_at":"2023-09-18T12:26:33.006Z","updated_at":"2026-05-13T17:03:41.597Z","avatar_url":"https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab.png","language":"Python","category":"Energy Systems","sub_category":"Energy System Modeling Frameworks","monthly_downloads":33,"total_dependent_repos":0,"total_dependent_packages":0,"readme":"![license MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)\n[![CI Tests](https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/actions/workflows/python-app.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/actions)\n[![Coverage](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://gist.githubusercontent.com/phumthep/23c151ad08ede7f698ce7cfbc2c09a0a/raw/covbadge.json)](https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/actions)\n[![GitHub Release](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet)](https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/releases/tag/v2.0)\n[![Read the Docs](https://img.shields.io/readthedocs/pownet)](https://pownet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)\n[![status](https://joss.theoj.org/papers/f7509a62fde550bec7ae3d1da0181b7d/status.svg)](https://joss.theoj.org/papers/f7509a62fde550bec7ae3d1da0181b7d)\n\n# PowNet: A Production Cost Modeling Framework for Large-scale Power Systems\nPowNet is an open-source production cost model (PCM) framework written in Python, designed to simulate the operational scheduling of large-scale (regional or national) power systems. It determines the least-cost schedule for power generation by solving the unit commitment (UC) and economic dispatch (ED) problems – a process commonly used for applications like day-ahead market simulation. Designed for users focused on power system analysis rather than complex model development, PowNet uses simple spreadsheet files for data inputs, significantly simplifying model setup and modification. As for advanced users, the framework's modular design provides modeling flexibility to implement customized analysis or explore complex modeling algorithms.\n\n## Key functionalities\n- Models power systems including generator techno-economic constraints and network limits\n- Uses computationally efficient linearized DC power flow for network analysis\n- Supports variable renewable energy (VRE) sources, such as hydro, wind, and solar\n- Built for computational speed using the high-performance Gurobipy modeling framework with support for the open-source HiGHS solver\n- Includes features allowing the analysis of water-energy nexus impacts (e.g., drought effects on thermal units)\n\nPowNet enables analysts to readily study grid operations, VRE integration, and water-energy interactions in a low-code environment. For advanced users, it retains the flexibility needed to explore complex model configurations and research modeling algorithms.\n\nRead the Documentation for more information at https://pownet.readthedocs.io/en/latest.\n\n## Using PowNet\nTo use PowNet, a user needs to supply it with CSV files. For guidance on creating these CSV files, please see examples provided [here](https://github.com/Critical-Infrastructure-Systems-Lab/PowNet/tree/master/model_library). Please ensure that column names matches with those from the examples. Details on preparing some input files can be found [here](https://critical-infrastructure-systems-lab.github.io/manual/docs/CIS-Lab-software).\n\nAs for installing PowNet, there are multiple options depending on whether we want to modify the source code. However, the following step is highly recommended for any user: creating a virtual environment to manage dependencies. If using Conda, we can create an envrionment with the following command\n\n```\nconda create --name your_env_name_here\nconda activate your_env_name_here\n```\n\nIf deciding on a name for the environment takes too long, please feel free to name the environment as \"pownet\".\n\n### Option 1: Regular user\nA regular user is someone who has created their input files and wish to just run PowNet. In this case, it is best to simply install PowNet as a package from PyPI. We can achieve this with the following command:\n\n```\npip install pownet\n```\n\nOnce the package has been installed, we can now go to our working directory. In this example, we assume the following folder structure:\n\n```\nworking_directory/\n├── scripts/\n│   └── run_quickstart.py\n├── model_library/\n│   └── dummy/\n│       ├── demand_export.csv\n│       ├── thermal_unit.csv\n│       ├── nondispatch_unit.csv\n│       ├── hydropower.csv\n│       ├── import.csv\n│       ├── contract_cost.csv\n│       └── transmission.csv\n└── outputs/\n```\n\nA tutorial \"[quickstart.py](./examples/quickstart.ipynb)\" provides an example on running a simulation, saving the simulation outputs, and visualizing the outputs.\n\n### Option 2: Power user (no pun intended)\nIn case we wish to modify the source code, PowNet should be installed as an editable package. First, download or clone the PowNet repository to your local machine. For example: if we want to clone to \"C://user/pownet\",\n\n```\ngit clone https://github.com/your-username/pownet.git C://user/pownet\n```\n\nNext, open a terminal and navigate to the directory where we cloned the repository:\n\n```\ncd C://user/pownet\n```\n\nNow, we can install this PowNet package using pip, which is a manager for Python packages:\n\n```\npip install -e .\n```\n\nThis command installs the package in \"editable\" mode (-e) using pyproject.toml that is located in the root directory of PowNet. The editable mode allows us to edit PowNet codebase when we need to modify or implement new features. The pyproject.toml file specifies the dependencies required to run PowNet.\n\n\n## Overview of PowNet\n\n![overview_pownet](./joss_submission/overview_pownet.png)\n\n\n# Citing this software\nIf you use PowNet 2.0 in your work, please cite the following [JOSS article](https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.08035):\n\n```\n@article{\n  Bunnak2025,\n  title = {PowNet 2.0: A production cost modeling framework for large-scale power systems},\n  author = {Bunnak, Phumthep and Eldardiry, Hisham and Pavičević, Matija and Feng, Jerry Zhuoer and Galelli, Stefano},\n  year = {2025},\n  publisher = {The Open Journal},\n  volume = {10},\n  number = {111},\n  pages = {8035},\n  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software}\n  doi = {10.21105/joss.08035},\n  url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.08035},\n}\n```\n","funding_links":[],"readme_doi_urls":["https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.08035"],"works":{"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4020167":null,"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001814":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089033126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001814","title":"The Greater Mekong's Climate‐Water‐Energy Nexus: How ENSO‐Triggered Regional Droughts Affect Power Supply and CO \u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Emissions","display_name":"The Greater Mekong's Climate‐Water‐Energy Nexus: How ENSO‐Triggered Regional Droughts Affect Power Supply and CO \u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e Emissions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089033126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001814","mag":"3089033126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001814","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2020EF001814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764782578","display_name":"Earth’s Future","issn_l":"2328-4277","issn":["2328-4277"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2020EF001814","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072280569","display_name":"Afm Kamal Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441","https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. F. M. Kamal Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Studies Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Studies Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045408352","display_name":"Thanh Duc Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-9056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanh Duc Dang","raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077651697","display_name":"H. L. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-6659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung T. T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057281647","display_name":"Rachel Koh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4511-0281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Koh","raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019223228","display_name":"Stefano Galelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-3243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Galelli","raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Singapore"]}],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019223228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2350,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2350,"provenance":"doaj"},"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"keywords":[{"keyword":"greater mekong","score":0.4381},{"keyword":"climate‐water‐energy","score":0.3766},{"keyword":"climate‐water‐energy","score":0.2943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40675005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170196","display_name":"Hydropower","level":2,"score":0.9107207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5824226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.5567025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.54797435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.54317874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.50314516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4717216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018204926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41179","display_name":"Mekong river","level":3,"score":0.46695763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113360713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7973219","display_name":"Water-energy nexus","level":3,"score":0.4467712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.43405715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4243405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.41910735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.41493705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3686461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.36127695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.32520175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3118168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.28707892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0925591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001814","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2020EF001814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764782578","display_name":"Earth’s Future","issn_l":"2328-4277","issn":["2328-4277"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9bb47d6b858a4b0a85fdfc2d857ef9f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/yzr2-gp60","pdf_url":"https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/vv8q-nx03/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia University"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001814","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2020EF001814","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764782578","display_name":"Earth’s Future","issn_l":"2328-4277","issn":["2328-4277"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315809","host_organization_name":"American Geophysical Union","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Geophysical Union"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.22},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.13},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.12}],"grants":[],"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7249561","https://openalex.org/W637792421","https://openalex.org/W1482866100","https://openalex.org/W1977699466","https://openalex.org/W1984231257","https://openalex.org/W2001182515","https://openalex.org/W2011424358","https://openalex.org/W2022462440","https://openalex.org/W2034086958","https://openalex.org/W2050222603","https://openalex.org/W2060172488","https://openalex.org/W2071910947","https://openalex.org/W2081195448","https://openalex.org/W2093575882","https://openalex.org/W2113951488","https://openalex.org/W2115223366","https://openalex.org/W2122389133","https://openalex.org/W2163988058","https://openalex.org/W2166846656","https://openalex.org/W2191806197","https://openalex.org/W2192618153","https://openalex.org/W2222859736","https://openalex.org/W2292484299","https://openalex.org/W2512237184","https://openalex.org/W2514199070","https://openalex.org/W2546132833","https://openalex.org/W2592104005","https://openalex.org/W2593592140","https://openalex.org/W2600767730","https://openalex.org/W2602432472","https://openalex.org/W2615346223","https://openalex.org/W2728438307","https://openalex.org/W2735452048","https://openalex.org/W2739392237","https://openalex.org/W2754711417","https://openalex.org/W2763791637","https://openalex.org/W2770618915","https://openalex.org/W2774344873","https://openalex.org/W2777986976","https://openalex.org/W2783956296","https://openalex.org/W2897086995","https://openalex.org/W2906736669","https://openalex.org/W2923614206","https://openalex.org/W2924744810","https://openalex.org/W2944710417","https://openalex.org/W2974192780","https://openalex.org/W2982577863","https://openalex.org/W2985703967","https://openalex.org/W3006198287","https://openalex.org/W3006549610","https://openalex.org/W3008558389","https://openalex.org/W3011122092","https://openalex.org/W3011766864","https://openalex.org/W3023802522","https://openalex.org/W3034705006","https://openalex.org/W3044151239","https://openalex.org/W3045037879","https://openalex.org/W3098742069","https://openalex.org/W4239392238","https://openalex.org/W4376453179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307715676","https://openalex.org/W2912637968","https://openalex.org/W2891260313","https://openalex.org/W4289977056","https://openalex.org/W3088093433","https://openalex.org/W4246775233","https://openalex.org/W2542298833","https://openalex.org/W2803558145","https://openalex.org/W2587197564","https://openalex.org/W2542042265"],"ngrams_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works/W3089033126/ngrams","abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,30],"Greater":[2,247],"Mekong":[3,13,161,248],"Subregion":[4],"is":[5,32,68,84],"a":[6,117,123,132,184,227],"transnational":[7],"area":[8],"bound":[9],"together":[10],"by":[11,35,122,145],"the":[12,24,62,75,88,105,114,160,170,181,191,199,204,209,236,246],"River":[14],"basin":[15,31,162],"and":[16,44,50,94,139,151,217,224,239],"its":[17],"immense":[18],"hydropower":[19,69,149,174],"resources,":[20],"historically":[21],"seen":[22],"as":[23,167],"backbone":[25],"of":[26,65,164,172],"regional":[27],"economic":[28],"development.":[29],"now":[33],"punctuated":[34],"several":[36],"dams,":[37],"successful":[38],"in":[39,113,245],"attracting":[40],"both":[41],"international":[42,109],"investors":[43],"fierce":[45],"criticisms":[46],"for":[47,90,230],"their":[48],"environmental":[49],"societal":[51],"impacts.":[52],"Surprisingly,":[53],"no":[54],"attention":[55],"has":[56],"been":[57],"paid":[58],"so":[59],"far":[60],"to":[61,74,177],"actual":[63],"performance":[64],"these":[66,100],"infrastructures:":[67],"supply":[70],"robust":[71,232],"with":[72],"respect":[73],"hydroclimatic":[76],"variability":[77],"characterizing":[78],"Southeast":[79],"Asia?":[80],"When":[81],"water":[82],"availability":[83,150],"altered,":[85],"what":[86],"are":[87,142,163],"implications":[89],"power":[91,118,205,214,243],"production":[92,137,215],"costs":[93,138],"CO":[95,218],"2":[96,219],"emissions?":[97],"To":[98,179],"answer":[99],"questions,":[101],"we":[102,188],"focus":[103],"on":[104,154],"Laotian–Thai":[106],"grid—the":[107],"first":[108],"power‐trade":[110],"infrastructure":[111],"developed":[112],"region—and":[115],"use":[116],"system":[119,206],"model":[120],"driven":[121],"spatially":[124],"distributed":[125],"hydrological‐water":[126],"management":[127,233],"model.":[128],"Simulation":[129],"results":[130,223],"over":[131],"30‐year":[133],"period":[134],"show":[135,189],"that":[136,190],"carbon":[140],"footprint":[141],"significantly":[143],"affected":[144],"droughts,":[146],"which":[147],"reduce":[148,169],"increase":[152],"reliance":[153],"thermoelectric":[155],"resources.":[156],"Regional":[157],"droughts":[158],"across":[159],"particular":[165],"concern,":[166],"they":[168],"export":[171],"cheap":[173],"from":[175],"Laos":[176],"Thailand.":[178],"put":[180],"analysis":[182],"into":[183],"broader":[185],"climate‐water‐energy":[186],"context,":[187],"El":[192],"Niño":[193],"Southern":[194],"Oscillation":[195],"modulates":[196],"not":[197],"only":[198],"summer":[200],"monsoon,":[201],"but":[202],"also":[203],"behavior,":[207],"shaping":[208],"relationship":[210],"between":[211],"hydroclimatological":[212],"conditions,":[213],"costs,":[216],"emissions.":[220],"Overall,":[221],"our":[222],"models":[225],"provide":[226],"knowledge":[228],"basis":[229],"informing":[231],"strategies":[234],"at":[235],"water‐energy":[237],"scale":[238],"designing":[240],"more":[241],"sustainable":[242],"plans":[244],"Subregion.":[249]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3089033126","counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2023-12-19T11:01:40.955404","created_date":"2020-10-01"},"http://doi.org/10.5334/jors.302":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3011122092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.302","title":"PowNet: A Network-Constrained Unit Commitment/Economic Dispatch Model for Large-Scale Power Systems Analysis","display_name":"PowNet: A Network-Constrained Unit Commitment/Economic Dispatch Model for Large-Scale Power Systems Analysis","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3011122092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.302","mag":"3011122092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.302","pdf_url":"http://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.302/galley/413/download/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764564090","display_name":"Journal of open research software","issn_l":"2049-9647","issn":["2049-9647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.302/galley/413/download/","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072280569","display_name":"Afm Kamal Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. F. M. Kamal Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065829531","display_name":"Jordan Kern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-0628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I4210158053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan Kern","raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, NC","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, NC"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045408352","display_name":"Thanh Duc Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-9056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanh Duc Dang","raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design"]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019223228","display_name":"Stefano Galelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-3243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Galelli","raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design"]}],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072280569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":{"value":400,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":490,"provenance":"doaj"},"apc_paid":{"value":400,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":490,"provenance":"doaj"},"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":90},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"keywords":[{"keyword":"commitment/economic dispatch model","score":0.5466},{"keyword":"power","score":0.2767},{"keyword":"network-constrained","score":0.25},{"keyword":"large-scale","score":0.25}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7693975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187633118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1317949","display_name":"Economic dispatch","level":4,"score":0.7558109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6537288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40675005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170196","display_name":"Hydropower","level":2,"score":0.5651096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116219307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236625","display_name":"Power system simulation","level":4,"score":0.5490121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5250794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.5027571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4986775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.4438092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.429299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.41778985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35456377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.34930795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.33764124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3252325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27147818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13557953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10880813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.302","pdf_url":"http://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.302/galley/413/download/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764564090","display_name":"Journal of open research software","issn_l":"2049-9647","issn":["2049-9647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.302","pdf_url":"http://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.302/galley/413/download/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764564090","display_name":"Journal of open research software","issn_l":"2049-9647","issn":["2049-9647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.28},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.17},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.13},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.11},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.1}],"grants":[],"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966688994","https://openalex.org/W1995830064","https://openalex.org/W2000675636","https://openalex.org/W2007930753","https://openalex.org/W2072880135","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2129282667","https://openalex.org/W2168283238","https://openalex.org/W2222859736","https://openalex.org/W2280707639","https://openalex.org/W2292484299","https://openalex.org/W2514199070","https://openalex.org/W2593592140","https://openalex.org/W2728438307","https://openalex.org/W2730954553","https://openalex.org/W2752263930","https://openalex.org/W2757615817","https://openalex.org/W2764452474","https://openalex.org/W2888598463","https://openalex.org/W2902017838","https://openalex.org/W2911892655","https://openalex.org/W2944710417","https://openalex.org/W2947064583","https://openalex.org/W2960350072","https://openalex.org/W4239392238","https://openalex.org/W4376595632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2537281420","https://openalex.org/W2034122571","https://openalex.org/W3017071442","https://openalex.org/W1903975","https://openalex.org/W1962574730","https://openalex.org/W2008468023","https://openalex.org/W2104153871","https://openalex.org/W1987337177","https://openalex.org/W2773753967","https://openalex.org/W2560830881"],"ngrams_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works/W3011122092/ngrams","abstract_inverted_index":{"PowNet":[0,16,65,133],"is":[1,17,40,66,134,139,151,162],"a":[2,114],"free":[3],"modelling":[4],"tool":[5],"for":[6,20,88],"simulating":[7],"the":[8,24,38,49,59,84,89,108,117,154,171],"Unit":[9],"Commitment/Economic":[10],"Dispatch":[11],"of":[12,26,51,61,92,110,116,167],"large-scale":[13],"power":[14,62,156],"systems.":[15,132],"specifically":[18],"conceived":[19],"systems":[21,182],"characterized":[22],"by":[23,43,48,164],"presence":[25],"variable":[27],"renewable":[28],"resources":[29],"(e.g.,":[30,146],"hydropower,":[31],"solar,":[32],"and":[33,46,74,80,96,120,138],"wind),":[34],"whose":[35],"penetration":[36],"on":[37,153],"grid":[39],"strongly":[41],"influenced":[42],"climatic":[44,118],"variability":[45],"constrained":[47],"availability":[50,177],"transmission":[52,97],"capacity.":[53],"To":[54],"help":[55],"users":[56],"effectively":[57],"capture":[58],"nuances":[60],"system":[63],"dynamics,":[64],"equipped":[67],"with":[68,104,141],"features":[69],"that":[70,106],"enable":[71],"accuracy,":[72],"transferability,":[73],"computational":[75],"efficiency":[76],"over":[77],"large":[78],"spatial":[79],"temporal":[81],"domains.":[82],"Specifically,":[83],"model":[85],"(i)":[86],"accounts":[87],"techno-economic":[90],"constraints":[91],"both":[93],"generating":[94,111],"units":[95,112],"networks,":[98],"(ii)":[99],"can":[100],"be":[101],"easily":[102],"coupled":[103],"models":[105],"estimate":[107],"status":[109],"as":[113],"function":[115],"conditions,":[119],"(iii)":[121],"explicitly":[122],"includes":[123],"import/export":[124],"nodes,":[125],"which":[126],"are":[127],"useful":[128],"in":[129,136],"representing":[130],"cross-border":[131],"implemented":[135],"Python":[137],"compatible":[140],"any":[142],"standard":[143],"optimization":[144],"solver":[145],"Gurobi,":[147],"CPLEX).":[148],"Its":[149],"functionality":[150],"demonstrated":[152],"Cambodian":[155],"system.":[157],"\u003cstrong\u003eFunding":[158],"statement:\u003c/strong\u003e":[159],"This":[160],"research":[161],"supported":[163],"Singapore’s":[165],"Ministry":[166],"Education":[168],"(MoE)":[169],"through":[170],"Tier":[172],"2":[173],"project":[174],"‘Linking":[175],"water":[176],"to":[178],"hydropower":[179],"supply—an":[180],"engineering":[181],"approach’":[183],"(Award":[184],"No.":[185],"MOE2017-T2-1-143).":[186]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3011122092","counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2023-12-13T10:29:19.023819","created_date":"2020-03-23"},"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001279":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044151239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001279","title":"Expected Benefits of Laos’ Hydropower Development Curbed by Hydroclimatic Variability and Limited Transmission Capacity: Opportunities to Reform","display_name":"Expected Benefits of Laos’ Hydropower Development Curbed by Hydroclimatic Variability and Limited Transmission Capacity: Opportunities to Reform","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044151239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001279","mag":"3044151239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127754761","display_name":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","issn_l":"0733-9496","issn":["0733-9496","1943-5452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false},"type":"article","type_crossref":"journal-article","open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072280569","display_name":"Afm Kamal Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. F. M. Kamal Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_string":"Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore Univ. of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd., Singapore 487372. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-1204","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore Univ. of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd., Singapore 487372. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3763-1204"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045408352","display_name":"Thanh Duc Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-9056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanh Duc Dang","raw_affiliation_string":"Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore Univ. of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd., Singapore 487372. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-9056","raw_affiliation_strings":["Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore Univ. of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd., Singapore 487372. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-9056"]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068370156","display_name":"Arijit Bagchi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arijit Bagchi","raw_affiliation_string":"Research Fellow, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s Univ. Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK. ORCID:","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Fellow, School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s Univ. Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK. ORCID:"]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019223228","display_name":"Stefano Galelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-3243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Galelli","raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore Univ. of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd., Singapore 487372. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-3243","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Pillar of Engineering Systems and Design, Singapore Univ. of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Rd., Singapore 487372. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2316-3243"]}],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019223228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"146","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"keywords":[{"keyword":"hydropower development curbed","score":0.5919},{"keyword":"laos","score":0.5109},{"keyword":"hydroclimatic variability","score":0.474},{"keyword":"limited transmission capacity","score":0.2607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40675005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170196","display_name":"Hydropower","level":2,"score":0.9316859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92311004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80638","display_name":"Hydroelectricity","level":2,"score":0.85001886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5444492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.526935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.44925743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.40893355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24717307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21239996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.17706662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127754761","display_name":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","issn_l":"0733-9496","issn":["0733-9496","1943-5452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.42},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.18}],"grants":[],"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516020750","https://openalex.org/W1864149609","https://openalex.org/W1966688994","https://openalex.org/W1978593624","https://openalex.org/W2000337799","https://openalex.org/W2000675636","https://openalex.org/W2006376355","https://openalex.org/W2022462440","https://openalex.org/W2041475807","https://openalex.org/W2050020793","https://openalex.org/W2074845425","https://openalex.org/W2093575882","https://openalex.org/W2096712778","https://openalex.org/W2122125911","https://openalex.org/W2122389133","https://openalex.org/W2160832516","https://openalex.org/W2227598340","https://openalex.org/W2292484299","https://openalex.org/W2318053633","https://openalex.org/W2342509993","https://openalex.org/W2410132092","https://openalex.org/W2417738178","https://openalex.org/W2514199070","https://openalex.org/W2569567044","https://openalex.org/W2587201830","https://openalex.org/W2592104005","https://openalex.org/W2593592140","https://openalex.org/W2728438307","https://openalex.org/W2752263930","https://openalex.org/W2756699641","https://openalex.org/W2771954559","https://openalex.org/W2774344873","https://openalex.org/W2777986976","https://openalex.org/W2783956296","https://openalex.org/W2793476588","https://openalex.org/W2892959285","https://openalex.org/W2897086995","https://openalex.org/W2905419750","https://openalex.org/W2907700981","https://openalex.org/W2924744810","https://openalex.org/W2944057425","https://openalex.org/W2946644352","https://openalex.org/W2960350072","https://openalex.org/W2967866955","https://openalex.org/W3006549610","https://openalex.org/W3008558389","https://openalex.org/W3011122092","https://openalex.org/W4237890737"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080285987","https://openalex.org/W2686334366","https://openalex.org/W2085025276","https://openalex.org/W4379984126","https://openalex.org/W2749188397","https://openalex.org/W2509496085","https://openalex.org/W3132999910","https://openalex.org/W4300818374","https://openalex.org/W3093216143","https://openalex.org/W3043985546"],"ngrams_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works/W3044151239/ngrams","abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"investments":[1,116],"in":[2,12,39,70,117],"hydropower":[3,99,119],"are":[4],"transforming":[5],"several":[6],"river":[7],"basins":[8],"across":[9],"the":[10,28,40,58,62,118,123,136,145,154,163,166,181,188,197,200,205,209,213,222,233],"world—especially":[11],"developing":[13],"countries,":[14],"where":[15],"hydroelectricity":[16,236],"is":[17,44,107,151,193],"often":[18],"seen":[19],"as":[20],"a":[21,75,83,89,131,148,227],"means":[22],"to":[23,109,215],"sustain":[24],"economic":[25],"growth.":[26],"While":[27],"environmental":[29],"alterations":[30],"caused":[31,157],"by":[32,54,153,158,176,196],"these":[33],"projects":[34],"have":[35],"been":[36],"well":[37],"addressed":[38],"scientific":[41],"literature,":[42],"less":[43],"known":[45],"about":[46],"their":[47],"actual":[48],"performance,":[49,218],"which":[50,111],"could":[51,174,231],"be":[52],"affected":[53],"water":[55],"availability":[56],"or":[57],"uncoordinated":[59],"planning":[60],"of":[61,126,199,208,225,235],"power":[63,143],"generation":[64,168],"and":[65,88,95,101,170,219],"transmission":[66,202,229],"facilities.":[67,203],"To":[68],"fill":[69],"this":[71],"gap,":[72],"we":[73,211],"developed":[74],"novel":[76],"water-energy":[77],"modeling":[78],"framework":[79,106],"that":[80,93,135,150],"relies":[81,140],"on":[82,141],"macroscale":[84],"semidistributed":[85],"hydrologic":[86],"model":[87,92],"unit":[90],"commitment":[91],"schedules":[94],"dispatches":[96],"electricity":[97],"from":[98],"reservoirs":[100],"other":[102,182],"energy":[103,137],"sources.":[104],"The":[105],"applied":[108],"Laos,":[110],"has":[112],"recently":[113],"attracted":[114],"large":[115],"sector,":[120],"making":[121],"it":[122],"so-called":[124],"Battery":[125],"Asia.":[127],"Simulation":[128],"results":[129],"over":[130],"10-year":[132],"period":[133],"show":[134,220],"system":[138,217],"heavily":[139],"thermal":[142],"during":[144,237],"pre-monsoon":[146],"months;":[147],"condition":[149],"exacerbated":[152],"dry":[155],"spells":[156],"El":[159],"Niño":[160],"events.":[161],"During":[162],"driest":[164],"years,":[165],"annual":[167],"costs":[169],"carbon":[171],"dioxide":[172],"emissions":[173],"increase":[175,187],"more":[177],"than":[178],"20%.":[179],"On":[180],"hand,":[183],"monsoon":[184],"rainfalls":[185],"largely":[186],"available":[189],"hydropower,":[190],"whose":[191],"dispatch":[192],"severely":[194],"limited":[195],"capacity":[198,223],"high-voltage":[201],"In":[204],"latter":[206],"part":[207],"analysis,":[210],"discuss":[212],"opportunities":[214],"improve":[216],"how":[221],"expansion":[224],"just":[226],"few":[228],"lines":[230],"ease":[232],"redistribution":[234],"peak-production":[238],"periods.":[239]},"cited_by_api_url":"https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3044151239","counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2023-12-18T04:18:31.672978","created_date":"2020-07-29"}},"citation_counts":{"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001814":32,"http://doi.org/10.5334/jors.302":8,"https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001279":24},"total_citations":64,"keywords_from_contributors":["power-systems-analysis","thailand"],"project_url":"https://ost.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/64129","html_url":"https://ost.ecosyste.ms/projects/64129"}