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href=\"https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeBenchmarks/\"\u003e\n    \u003cimg alt=\"Benchmarks\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/benchmarks-BreezeBenchmarks-informational?style=flat-square\"\u003e\n  \u003c/a\u003e\n  \u003c/br\u003e\n  \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl/discussions\"\u003e\n    \u003cimg alt=\"Ask us anything\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/Ask%20us-anything-1abc9c.svg?style=flat-square\"\u003e\n  \u003c/a\u003e\n  \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/SciML/ColPrac\"\u003e\n    \u003cimg alt=\"ColPrac: Contributor's Guide on Collaborative Practices for Community Packages\" src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/ColPrac-Contributor's%20Guide-blueviolet?style=flat-square\"\u003e\n  \u003c/a\u003e\n  \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/JuliaTesting/Aqua.jl\" \u003e\n    \u003cimg src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/JuliaTesting/Aqua.jl/master/badge.svg\"/\u003e\n  \u003c/a\u003e\n  \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18050353\"\u003e\n    \u003cimg src=\"https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.18050353.svg\" alt=\"DOI\"\u003e\n  \u003c/a\u003e\n  \u003ca href=\"https://codecov.io/gh/NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl\" \u003e\n    \u003cimg src=\"https://codecov.io/gh/NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl/graph/badge.svg?token=09TZGWKUPV\"/\u003e\n  \u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\nBreeze is a library for simulating atmospheric flows and weather phenomena, such as clouds and hurricanes, on both CPUs and GPUs.\nBuilt on [Oceananigans](https://github.com/CliMA/Oceananigans.jl), Breeze extends its grids, solvers, and advection schemes with atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, microphysics, and radiation.\n\nLearn more in [the documentation](https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/) and [examples](https://github.com/NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl/tree/main/examples), or get in touch on the [NumericalEarth Slack](https://join.slack.com/t/numericalearth/shared_invite/zt-3pwpvky4k-XX7RkgQgHLIUt~wtwGXN~Q) or [GitHub discussions](https://github.com/NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl/discussions).\n\n## Installation\n\nBreeze is a registered Julia package. First [install Julia](https://julialang.org/install/); suggested version 1.12. See [juliaup](https://github.com/JuliaLang/juliaup) README for how to install 1.12 and make that version the default.\n\nThen launch Julia and type\n\n```julia\njulia\u003e using Pkg\n\njulia\u003e Pkg.add(\"Breeze\")\n```\n\nIf you want to live on the cutting edge, you can use\n`Pkg.add(; url=\"https://github.com/NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl.git\", rev=\"main\")` to install from `main`.\nFor more information, see the [Pkg.jl documentation](https://pkgdocs.julialang.org).\n\n## Quick start\n\nA warm bubble rising through a neutral atmosphere in 15 lines:\n\n```julia\nusing Breeze, Oceananigans.Units, CairoMakie\n\ngrid = RectilinearGrid(CPU(); size=(256, 256), x=(-10e3, 10e3), z=(0, 10e3),\n                       topology=(Periodic, Flat, Bounded))\n\nreference = ReferenceState(grid; potential_temperature=300)\nmodel = AtmosphereModel(grid; dynamics=AnelasticDynamics(reference), advection=WENO(order=5))\nset!(model, θ = (x, z) -\u003e 300 + 2cos(π/2 * min(1, √(x^2 + (z - 2000)^2) / 2000))^2)\n\nsimulation = Simulation(model; Δt=2, stop_time=25minutes)\nconjure_time_step_wizard!(simulation, cfl=0.7)\nrun!(simulation)\n\nheatmap(liquid_ice_potential_temperature(model), colormap=:thermal, axis=(; aspect=2))\n```\n\n\u003cimg width=\"1186\" height=\"633\" alt=\"image\" src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/97d6429a-a68b-4ba5-ad07-9a5075a28c5f\" /\u003e\n\nSwap `CPU()` for `GPU()` to run on an NVIDIA GPU.\n\n## Features\n\n- **Anelastic dynamics** with a pressure Poisson solver that filters sound waves\n- **Compressible dynamics** with split-explicit acoustic substepping (horizontally explicit, vertically implicit) using SSP-RK3 or Wicker-Skamarock RK3\n- **Moist thermodynamics** with liquid-ice potential temperature and static energy formulations\n- **Cloud microphysics**: saturation adjustment, Kessler, one- and two-moment bulk schemes via [CloudMicrophysics.jl](https://github.com/CliMA/CloudMicrophysics.jl)\n- **Radiative transfer**: gray, clear-sky, and all-sky solvers via [RRTMGP.jl](https://github.com/CliMA/RRTMGP.jl)\n- **High-order advection** including bounds-preserving WENO schemes\n- **LES turbulence closures** for subgrid-scale mixing\n- **Surface physics**: Coriolis forces, bulk drag, heat and moisture fluxes\n- **Kinematic driver and parcel model** for rapid prototyping of microphysics and radiation schemes\n- **GPU-first**: use `GPU()` to run _very fast_ on NVIDIA GPUs\n\n## Selected examples\n\nBelow we've included thumbnails that link to a few of Breeze's examples.\nCheck out the [documentation](https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/) for the full list.\n\n\u003ctable\u003e\n  \u003ctr\u003e\n    \u003ctd width=\"33%\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n      \u003ca href=\"https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/literated/cloudy_thermal_bubble/\"\u003e\n        \u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/1ebc76bd-0ec5-4930-9d12-970caf3c8036\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n        Cloudy thermal bubble\n      \u003c/a\u003e\n    \u003c/td\u003e\n    \u003ctd width=\"33%\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n      \u003ca href=\"https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/literated/bomex/\"\u003e\n        \u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/0264d13f-31a7-4ca1-830d-2aa05f27ec4a\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n        BOMEX shallow convection\n      \u003c/a\u003e\n    \u003c/td\u003e\n    \u003ctd width=\"33%\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n      \u003ca href=\"https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/literated/rico/\"\u003e\n        \u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/6a041b42-a828-41e5-91fd-b4bc89e0f63a\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n        RICO trade-wind cumulus\n      \u003c/a\u003e\n    \u003c/td\u003e\n  \u003c/tr\u003e\n  \u003ctr\u003e\n    \u003ctd width=\"33%\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n      \u003ca href=\"https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/literated/prescribed_sea_surface_temperature/\"\u003e\n        \u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/44a4b21c-23a6-401d-b938-e4ec00f24704\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n        Prescribed SST convection\n      \u003c/a\u003e\n    \u003c/td\u003e\n    \u003ctd width=\"33%\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n      \u003ca href=\"https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/literated/cloudy_kelvin_helmholtz/\"\u003e\n        \u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/1bcc787a-5b29-4bb7-b686-2d4465374b7d\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n        Cloudy Kelvin-Helmholtz instability\n      \u003c/a\u003e\n    \u003c/td\u003e\n    \u003ctd width=\"33%\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n      \u003ca href=\"https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/literated/acoustic_wave/\"\u003e\n        \u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/fa2992d0-a289-4de7-aeb3-f59df7cbef28\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n        Acoustic wave in shear flow\n      \u003c/a\u003e\n    \u003c/td\u003e\n  \u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\nFor instance, by increasing the resolution of the cloudy Kelvin-Helmholtz instability\nto `Nx=1536` and `Nz=1024` and decreasing the timestep to `Δt = 0.1`, we get\n\nhttps://github.com/user-attachments/assets/f47ff268-b2e4-401c-a114-a0aaf0c7ead3\n\nOr cranking up the resolution of the thermal bubble example to `size = (1024, 512)`:\n\nhttps://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c9a0c9c3-c199-48b8-9850-f967bdcc4bed\n\nWe ran the [BOMEX example](https://numericalearth.github.io/BreezeDocumentation/dev/literated/bomex/) at 25 m resolution and a 2x bigger grid, and used the data to produce a visualization of the resulting clouds:\n\nhttps://github.com/user-attachments/assets/3c378cc7-c71b-420d-b301-33d45c7521e2\n\n## Roadmap and a call to action\n\nOur goal is to build a very fast, easy-to-learn, productive tool for atmospheric research, teaching, and forecasting, as well as a platform for the development of algorithms, numerical methods, parameterizations, microphysical schemes, and atmosphere model components.\nThis goal can't be achieved by the efforts of a single group, project, or even a single community.\nSuch a lofty aim can only be realized by a wide-ranging and sustained collaboration of passionate people.\nMaybe that includes you - consider it!\nModel development is hard but rewarding, and builds useful skills for a myriad of pursuits.\n\nThe goals of the current group of model developers include developing\n\n- **Advanced microphysics**: Predicted Particle Property (P3) bulk microphysics, spectral bin schemes, and Lagrangian superdroplet methods for high-fidelity cloud and precipitation modeling.\n- **Terrain-following coordinates**: Smooth [sigma coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_coordinate_system) for flow over complex topography\n- **Open boundaries and nesting**: Open boundary conditions are useful for both idealized simulations and realistic one- and two-way nested simulations for high-resolution downscaling.\n- **Coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations**: Support for high-resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations via [NumericalEarth.jl](https://github.com/NumericalEarth/NumericalEarth.jl).\n\nIf you have ideas, dreams, or criticisms that can make Breeze and its future better, don't hesitate to speak up by [opening issues](https://github.com/NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl/issues/new/choose) and contributing pull requests.\n\n## Relationship to Oceananigans\n\nBreeze is built on [Oceananigans.jl](https://github.com/CliMA/Oceananigans.jl), an ocean modeling package that provides grids, fields, operators, advection schemes, time-steppers, turbulence closures, and output infrastructure.\nBreeze extends Oceananigans with atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, microphysics, and radiation to create a complete atmosphere simulation capability.\nThe two packages share a common philosophy: fast, flexible, GPU-native Julia code with a user interface designed for productivity and experimentation.\nTo learn these foundational components of Breeze, please see the [Oceananigans documentation](https://clima.github.io/OceananigansDocumentation/stable/).\n\nIf you're familiar with Oceananigans, you'll feel right at home with Breeze.\nIf you're new to both, Breeze is a great entry point—and the skills you develop transfer directly to ocean and climate modeling with Oceananigans and [NumericalEarth.jl](https://github.com/NumericalEarth/NumericalEarth.jl).\n\n## Citing\n\nIf you use Breeze for research, teaching, or fun, we'd be grateful if you give credit by citing the corresponding Zenodo record, e.g.,\n\n\u003e Wagner, G. L. et al. (2026). NumericalEarth/Breeze.jl. Zenodo. DOI:[10.5281/zenodo.18050353](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18050353)\n","funding_links":[],"readme_doi_urls":["https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18050353"],"works":{},"citation_counts":{},"total_citations":0,"keywords_from_contributors":["climate","climate-science","data-assimilation","ocean"],"project_url":"https://ost.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/346646","html_url":"https://ost.ecosyste.ms/projects/346646"}